Fluxus, Event, Flashmob und res publica - Beispiel eines Kulturellen Kreislaufs

Ausgehend von der Arbeitshypothese eines Kulturellen Kreislaufs (innovative Sujets einer künstlerischen Avantgarde sinken nach epigonalem Gebrauch ab bis hin zu trivialem Alltagsdekor, der wiederum Fundus für Neues werden kann) lässt sich hier der allmähliche Bedeutungsverlust von ursprünglich avantgardistischen performativ/partizipativen Gruppenaktionen der 1960er Jahre wie Happening und Fluxus über die öffentliche Eventkultur der 1990er Jahre bis zu mehr oder weniger trivialen Flashmob-Ereignissen ab 2000 feststellen. Solche Flashmobs, organisiert und dokumentiert per Internet (myspace-youtube) wurden beschrieben, mit Mitteln der Bildwissenschaften und Medientheorie analysiert und kategorisiert, sowie mit ähnlichen Aktionen (offensichtlich politischer Art) verglichen. Zuletzt wurde nach kulturell zugrundeliegenden Motivationen gesucht. Stets im Blickfeld dabei bleibt eine Wiederaneignung des öffentlichen Raumes, der ja das materielle Substrat der ‚res publica‘ ist

Strategien der Potentialität. Möglicher Grundtenor einer (plastischen) Kunst des 21. Jahrhunderts

Zukünftiges ist im Vergangenen immer schon in Keimen vorhanden. Welche davon aufgehen, wird von vielen Variablen bestimmt. Die Autorin sieht etwas, das sie "Möglichkeitskunst" oder "Kunst der Potentialität" nennen möchte, in Spuren bereits in der Vergangenheit, in der Gegenwart zunehmend und für die Zukunft als essentielle Neuerung. Wobei "plastisch" hier nicht die Materialität des Artefakts bezeichnen soll, sondern die beim Rezipienten - eines Kunstwerks und dessen Kontexts - ablaufenden mental-plastischen Vorgänge. Die durch eine Kunst der Potentialität zu Möglichkeitsräumen geführt werden, die zwar noch gestaltete Rahmen-Bedingungen, deren Inhalt aber viele Freiheitsgrade schafft. Seit dem Beginn des "nervösen Zeitalters" um 1900 haben audiovisuelle Sinnesreize global zugenommen und das Innenleben kommt durch ständige Reiz-Reaktions-Episoden kaum in den Modus einer Möglichkeitsform. Ontologisch gesehen (>Aristoteles) steht eine Seinsform der Potentialität (also von Möglichkeiten) einer der Aktualität gegenüber. Je mehr Möglichkeiten jemand entwickelt umso avancierter wird er - wenn er das überhaupt will - handeln. Kunst und Lebenswelt verschränken sich hier... Die zwei komplementären Wege, den mentalen Möglichkeitsraum der Kunst zu erweitern, bestimmt Nietzsche als Dionysisch und Apollinisch: rauschhafte Vielfalt und/oder reduktionistische Askese. Seinsweisen, die seit Urzeiten einander zyklisch ablösen, oder aber paradox gleichzeitig Kunst und Kultur strukturieren: Während der Wiener Aktionismus laut begann, performative Möglichkeitsräume zu erobern, erzeugte das lächelnde Schweigen des schachspielenden Altmeisters Duchamp einen Sog in Richtung Rezeption seines mit nur ein paar Beispielen aufgespannten Potentialitäts- Kosmos. Heute beginnt man schon vereinzelt in der kleinen, aber betriebsamen Kunstcommunity zu verstehen, dass es nicht darum gehen kann, noch mehr Gegenstände in Kunsträume zu stellen, sondern Kunst primär als psychischen Vorgang zu erkennen, der Möglichkeits-Zustände evoziert. Gegenwärtige Beispiele, die vorgestellt werden, zeigen bei aller Gegensätzlichkeit von Thematik, bildnerischen Techniken und Strategien Ansätze eines solchen Grundtenors, der versucht wird, ins Zukünftige zu extrapoliern. Wobei das Paradoxe ein zentraler Begriff wird

Temporal trends in diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of paediatric type 1 diabetes between 2006 and 2016: results from 13 countries in three continents

Aims/hypothesis The aim of this work was to evaluate geographical variability and trends in the prevalence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), between 2006 and 2016, at the diagnosis of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in 13 countries over three continents. Methods An international retrospective study on DKA at diagnosis of diabetes was conducted. Data on age, sex, date of diabetes diagnosis, ethnic minority status and presence of DKA at diabetes onset were obtained from Australia, Austria, Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Norway, Slovenia, Sweden, USA and the UK (Wales). Mean prevalence was estimated for the entire period, both overall and by country, adjusted for sex and age group. Temporal trends in annual prevalence of DKA were estimated using logistic regression analysis for each country, before and after adjustment for sex, age group and ethnic minority status. Results During the study period, new-onset type 1 diabetes was diagnosed in 59,000 children (median age [interquartile range], 9.0 years [5.5–11.7]; male sex, 52.9%). The overall adjusted DKA prevalence was 29.9%, with the lowest prevalence in Sweden and Denmark and the highest in Luxembourg and Italy. The adjusted DKA prevalence significantly increased over time in Australia, Germany and the USA while it decreased in Italy. Preschool children, adolescents and children from ethnic minority groups were at highest risk of DKA at diabetes diagnosis in most countries. A significantly higher risk was also found for females in Denmark, Germany and Slovenia. Conclusions/interpretation DKA prevalence at type 1 diabetes diagnosis varied considerably across countries, albeit it was generally high and showed a slight increase between 2006 and 2016. Increased awareness of symptoms to prevent delay in diagnosis is warranted, especially in preschool children, adolescents and children from ethnic minority groups

Guidelines and Recommendations on Yeast Cell Death Nomenclature

Elucidating the biology of yeast in its full complexity has major implications for science, medicine and industry. One of the most critical processes determining yeast life and physiology is cellular demise. However, the investigation of yeast cell death is a relatively young field, and a widely accepted set of concepts and terms is still missing. Here, we propose unified criteria for the definition of accidental, regulated, and programmed forms of cell death in yeast based on a series of morphological and biochemical criteria. Specifically, we provide consensus guidelines on the differential definition of terms including apoptosis, regulated necrosis, and autophagic cell death, as we refer to additional cell death routines that are relevant for the biology of (at least some species of) yeast. As this area of investigation advances rapidly, changes and extensions to this set of recommendations will be implemented in the years to come. Nonetheless, we strongly encourage the authors, reviewers and editors of scientific articles to adopt these collective standards in order to establish an accurate framework for yeast cell death research and, ultimately, to accelerate the progress of this vibrant field of research

Genome-wide analysis identifies 12 loci influencing human reproductive behavior.

The genetic architecture of human reproductive behavior-age at first birth (AFB) and number of children ever born (NEB)-has a strong relationship with fitness, human development, infertility and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, very few genetic loci have been identified, and the underlying mechanisms of AFB and NEB are poorly understood. We report a large genome-wide association study of both sexes including 251,151 individuals for AFB and 343,072 individuals for NEB. We identified 12 independent loci that are significantly associated with AFB and/or NEB in a SNP-based genome-wide association study and 4 additional loci associated in a gene-based effort. These loci harbor genes that are likely to have a role, either directly or by affecting non-local gene expression, in human reproduction and infertility, thereby increasing understanding of these complex traits

Cell death during sepsis: integration of disintegration in the inflammatory response to overwhelming infection

Sepsis is a major health problem and a leading cause of death worldwide. In recent years, a crescendo of attention has been directed to the mechanisms of cell death that develop during this disease, since these are viewed as important contributors to the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses associated with poor outcome. Here we discuss mechanisms of cell death evident severe bacterial infection and sepsis including necrosis, apoptosis, pyroptosis, and extracellular trap-associated neutrophil death, with a particular emphasis on lymphocyte apoptosis and its contribution to the immunosuppressed phenotype of late sepsis. Individual bacterial pathogens express virulence factors that modulate cell death pathways and influence the sepsis phenotype. A greater knowledge of cell death pathways in sepsis informs the potential for future therapies designed to ameliorate immune dysfunction in this syndrome

Guidelines and recommendations on yeast cell death nomenclature

Elucidating the biology of yeast in its full complexity has major implications for science, medicine and industry. One of the most critical processes determining yeast life and physiology is cel-lular demise. However, the investigation of yeast cell death is a relatively young field, and a widely accepted set of concepts and terms is still missing. Here, we propose unified criteria for the defi-nition of accidental, regulated, and programmed forms of cell death in yeast based on a series of morphological and biochemical criteria. Specifically, we provide consensus guidelines on the differ-ential definition of terms including apoptosis, regulated necrosis, and autophagic cell death, as we refer to additional cell death rou-tines that are relevant for the biology of (at least some species of) yeast. As this area of investigation advances rapidly, changes and extensions to this set of recommendations will be implemented in the years to come. Nonetheless, we strongly encourage the au-thors, reviewers and editors of scientific articles to adopt these collective standards in order to establish an accurate framework for yeast cell death research and, ultimately, to accelerate the pro-gress of this vibrant field of research